India's Poverty: The Invisible Chains Holding Back a Billion Dreams
India's Poverty: The Invisible Chains Holding Back a Billion Dreams
Introduction:
When the World Bank released its June 2025 update, the headlines celebrated a milestone: India's extreme poverty rate had fallen to just 5.3%. The government proudly announced that 171 million people had been lifted out of poverty between 2011 and 2023. The stock market cheered. The middle class nodded in satisfaction.
But here's what those headlines didn't tell you.
At the lower-middle-income poverty line of 4.20 per day—which is far more realistic for a country where even basic necessities cost more than—23.9% of Indians, approximately 342 million people, still live in poverty. That's more than the entire population of the United States, struggling every single day to survive.
And if we look beyond income to measure what poverty truly means—the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) that captures deprivation in health, education, and living standards—16.4% of Indians (234 million people) were multidimensionally poor as of 2019-21, with another 18.7% classified as vulnerable. India remains home to the largest number of multidimensionally poor people in the world—more than Pakistan, Ethiopia, Nigeria, and DR Congo combined.
These aren't just statistics. They represent fathers who cannot afford their children's school fees. Mothers who skip meals so their families can eat. Young people who abandon their dreams because survival takes precedence. And children who inherit poverty the way others inherit wealth—through no fault of their own, but through the cruel lottery of birth.
This is the story of how poverty in India is not merely a social problem. It is an economic anchor, dragging down our growth potential, wasting our demographic dividend, and threatening the very stability of our nation.
Part I: The Daily Reality of Being Poor in India
1. The Hunger That Never Ends
The Invisible Epidemic
Walk through any slum in Mumbai, Delhi, or Kolkata early in the morning, and you will see it: women already stirring, preparing the day's first meal with portions so small they seem cruel. Children with swollen bellies and thin limbs playing in gutters. Men sipping tea on empty stomachs before heading to construction sites or factories where physical labor will demand energy their bodies cannot provide.
The Global Hunger Index 2025 ranks India 102nd out of 123 countries, with a "serious" hunger score of 25.8. Over 172 million Indians—12% of the population—do not get enough food to meet basic energy needs. But the true horror lies in our children.
India has the highest rate of child wasting in the world: 18.7% of children under five suffer from acute undernutrition, meaning over 21 million children have low weight for their height. This is worse than countries like Sudan, Yemen, and Afghanistan. Another 37 million children are stunted—their growth permanently compromised, their cognitive development irreversibly damaged before they even enter a classroom.
Nearly 80% of children facing extreme poverty live in rural areas. For them, a failed monsoon doesn't just mean crop loss—it means months of hunger, debt, and desperation. The government runs programs like the Public Distribution System (PDS) and Mid-Day Meals, but implementation gaps, corruption, and exclusion errors mean that the poorest often remain hungry.
What Hunger Does to a Family
Consider a typical poor household in rural Bihar or Uttar Pradesh. The father earns Rs. 200-300 per day as a farm laborer when work is available—maybe 15-20 days a month during the agricultural season, far fewer during the off-season. The mother might work as a domestic helper in nearby towns, earning Rs. 1,500-2,000 per month if she's lucky. Together, they bring home Rs. 6,000-10,000 per month to feed a family of five or six.
Now calculate: rent for a single room (Rs. 1,500-2,000), cooking fuel (Rs. 800-1,000), transportation (Rs. 500-800), debt repayments (Rs. 1,000-2,000), and medical expenses (unpredictable but often devastating). What remains for food? Often, less than Rs. 3,000 per month—about Rs. 20 per person per day.
This is not enough for adequate nutrition. So the mother eats last and least. The father skips breakfast. The children get rice and potatoes, but rarely milk, eggs, or meat. Over time, malnutrition becomes chronic. Anemia sets in—over half of Indian women aged 15-49 suffer from anemia, up from 164 million to 203 million women in the past decade. Children fall sick more often. School attendance drops. And the cycle continues.
The Psychological Toll
Hunger is not just physical; it is psychological. Studies show that food insecurity causes chronic stress, anxiety, and depression. Parents experience guilt and helplessness. Children develop behavioral problems. Family tensions rise. In extreme cases, the despair leads to tragic outcomes—between 1995 and 2023, over 394,000 farmers and agricultural laborers died by suicide in India, with hunger and debt as primary drivers.
2. Healthcare:
The Brutal Arithmetic of Illness
For the poor in India, illness is not a health problem—it is an economic catastrophe. A single episode of serious illness can push a family from poverty into destitution, or from destitution into irreversible debt.
India's public healthcare system is theoretically free, but the reality is starkly different. Government hospitals are overcrowded, understaffed, and often lack basic medicines and equipment. The doctor-to-patient ratio is abysmal—India has less than one doctor per 1,000 people, well below the WHO recommendation. Rural areas face acute shortages; many primary health centers remain shuttered or staffed by absentee doctors.
So the poor turn to private healthcare, which they cannot afford. A hospitalization costing Rs. 50,000-100,000 is common. For a family earning Rs. 8,000 per month, this is impossible. They borrow—from relatives, from moneylenders charging 24-45% annual interest, from anyone who will lend. And then they spend years, sometimes decades, repaying.
The result? Preventive care is skipped. Symptoms are ignored until they become emergencies. Chronic conditions like diabetes and hypertension go untreated. Tuberculosis—curable and preventable—kills thousands annually because patients cannot complete treatment. Maternal mortality remains high because pregnant women cannot access quality antenatal care or safe delivery facilities.
The Gender Dimension
Women bear a disproportionate burden. Over 203 million Indian women suffer from anemia, making them vulnerable to complications during pregnancy and childbirth. Yet maternal healthcare remains inadequate, especially in rural areas. Many women still deliver at home without trained assistance. Postnatal care is often neglected.
Reproductive health is another neglected area. Access to contraception, safe abortion, and menstrual hygiene products remains limited for poor women. The stigma around these issues means many suffer in silence, their health deteriorating while they continue to bear the double burden of unpaid domestic work and income generation.
Mental Health: The Invisible Crisis
Perhaps most overlooked is mental health. The stress of poverty—constant worry about money, food, children's future, debt repayments—takes a severe toll. Depression, anxiety, and substance abuse are rampant in poor communities. Yet mental health services are virtually non-existent for the poor. There is no time to be "depressed" when survival demands every waking moment.
3. Education:
The Illusion of Universal Education
India has achieved near-universal enrollment in primary education. The Right to Education Act guarantees free schooling for children aged 6-14. Yet enrollment does not mean education.
Walk into a government school in a poor neighborhood. You will likely find: leaking roofs, broken benches, absent teachers, and children who cannot read a simple paragraph despite being in Class 5. The ASER reports have documented this crisis year after year—learning outcomes in government schools remain abysmal, with little improvement over decades.
Why? Because poor children enter school already disadvantaged. They are often malnourished, lacking the cognitive stimulation that middle-class children receive from birth. They speak a home language different from the school's medium of instruction. Their parents, often illiterate, cannot help with homework or advocate for their children. And the school system, designed for the privileged, fails to bridge these gaps.
The Dropout Crisis
The real tragedy begins after primary school. As children grow older, the opportunity cost of education rises. A 14-year-old boy can earn Rs. 3,000-5,000 per month as a laborer—money the family desperately needs. A girl can help with housework, care for younger siblings, or contribute to family income through piecework.
The dropout rate in secondary education is alarming. Only about 50% of students who enter Class 1 complete Class 12. For poor children, the rate is far worse. By Class 10, many poor students have already left. By Class 12, most are gone.
The reasons are economic: families cannot afford books, uniforms, transportation, or the loss of the child's earnings. They are social: early marriage for girls, pressure to join family occupations, safety concerns that keep girls home. And they are systemic: poor quality teaching, irrelevant curriculum, and examinations that favor the privileged.
The Intergenerational Trap
Children of households where the head has no education face an extreme poverty rate of 32.9%, compared to just 5.8% where the head has tertiary education. This is the intergenerational poverty trap in action. Poorly educated parents cannot support their children's education. Their children drop out early, enter low-skill employment, earn poverty wages, and raise the next generation of poor, poorly educated children.
Education is supposed to be the great equalizer. In India, it often reproduces inequality.
4. Housing: Living in the Shadows
The Slum Reality
Over 65 million Indians live in slums—informal settlements characterized by overcrowding, poor sanitation, unsafe drinking water, and precarious tenure. In cities like Mumbai, nearly half the population lives in slums. In Delhi, over 3 million people call slums home.
What does this life look like? A single room, 10x10 feet, housing a family of five or six. No private toilet—shared community toilets, often filthy and unsafe, especially for women. No piped water—municipal taps run for a few hours daily, and women spend hours queuing and carrying water. No garbage collection—waste accumulates in open drains. No security of tenure—eviction threats loom constantly, especially when land becomes valuable.
The Health Impact
Slum living creates a perfect storm for disease. Contaminated water causes diarrhea, typhoid, and hepatitis. Poor ventilation and overcrowding spread tuberculosis and respiratory infections. Open drains breed mosquitoes, leading to dengue and malaria. Children play in filth, contracting skin diseases and parasites.
During monsoons, slums flood. Houses collapse. Possessions are lost. Diseases spread rapidly. And every year, the cycle repeats because the poor have nowhere else to go.
Women's Safety and Dignity
For women, slum life is particularly brutal. Lack of private toilets means venturing out at night, risking harassment and assault. Water queues mean hours away from income-generating work. Overcrowding means no privacy, no space to manage menstruation with dignity, no safety from domestic violence that neighbors can hear through thin walls.
5. The Informal Economy: Working Hard, Staying Poor
The Invisible Workforce
Over 80% of India's non-farm workers are in the informal sector. They are the construction workers building our malls and metros, the domestic helpers cleaning our homes, the street vendors selling vegetables, the waste pickers sorting garbage, the daily wage laborers waiting at street corners for a day's work.
They have no contracts. No social security. No paid leave. No legal protections. No minimum wage enforcement. If they fall sick, they lose wages. If work dries up, they starve. If they are injured or disabled, they are discarded.
The Wage Squeeze
Even with recent increases in minimum wages, enforcement remains weak. In rural India, average pay for the lowest-paid workers remains below the legal minimum. The number of labor inspections has fallen substantially over the past decade, weakening compliance capacity.
Consider a construction worker in a major city. He might earn Rs. 400-600 per day when work is available—good money by rural standards. But he works only 15-20 days a month. He has no benefits, no insurance, no retirement savings. During monsoons, work stops. During economic slowdowns, work dries up. He sends money home to his family in the village, keeping just enough for survival in the city.
Or consider a domestic worker in an upper-middle-class household. She works 6-7 hours daily, cleaning, cooking, caring for children. She earns Rs. 8,000-12,000 per month. No paid leave. No respect. Often, no separate toilet—she must use the one meant for drivers and security guards. If she falls ill, she is replaced. If she asks for a raise, she is threatened with dismissal.
The Precarity of Daily Wages
For daily wage laborers, life is a constant gamble. They gather at street corners before dawn, hoping a contractor will pick them. Some days, they get work. Many days, they don't. On work days, they earn enough for that day's food. On no-work days, they borrow, skip meals, or go hungry.
This precarity has psychological costs. The constant uncertainty, the inability to plan, the humiliation of begging for work—these create chronic stress and erode self-worth. Many turn to alcohol or tobacco for temporary relief, further damaging their health and finances.
6. The Debt Trap: Borrowing to Survive
The Moneylender's Grip
When the poor need money—for a medical emergency, a daughter's wedding, a crop failure, or simply to survive until the next wage—they cannot access formal banking. Banks require collateral, documentation, and credit histories that the poor lack. So they turn to moneylenders.
Informal moneylenders charge interest rates ranging from 24% to 45% annually, sometimes even higher. A loan of Rs. 50,000 can balloon to Rs. 1,00,000 or more within a few years. The borrower pays and pays, but the principal never reduces. Eventually, they mortgage their land, sell their jewelry, or—tragically—take their own lives.
The Microfinance Mirage
Microfinance was supposed to solve this. And indeed, self-help groups and microcredit have helped many. But the reality is complex. Interest rates, while lower than moneylenders, are still high (18-24%). Multiple borrowing is common—one SHG loan to pay another. And when economic shocks hit (a failed crop, a job loss, a medical emergency), repayment becomes impossible.
The result? Millions of poor households are trapped in debt, spending 30-50% of their income on repayments. They borrow to eat. They borrow to pay medical bills. They borrow to pay school fees. And each loan deepens their bondage.
Farmer Suicides:
The debt trap is most visible, and most tragic, in rural India. Between 1995 and 2023, over 394,000 farmers and agricultural laborers died by suicide in India—an average of about 13,600 deaths every year. In 2023 alone, India recorded 10,786 farmer suicides—a shocking increase of over 75% compared to 2022.
Maharashtra and Karnataka have recorded farmer suicide rates 2.5 times the national average for over two decades. The reasons are well-documented: rising input costs, falling crop prices, climate-induced crop failures, mounting debt from moneylenders, and the humiliation of being unable to repay.
These are not just statistics. These are fathers who saw no way out, mothers who could not feed their children, and young men who felt they had failed their families. The suicide notes often address the government, begging for support and remunerative prices. Poverty, in rural India, has a body count.
7. Child Labor: Stolen Childhoods
The Harsh Reality
Despite laws banning child labor, India still has millions of child workers. They work in brick kilns, carpet weaving, garment factories, agriculture, domestic service, and street vending. They work 10-12 hours daily for a fraction of adult wages. They miss school. They lose their childhood. And they enter adulthood with no education, no skills, and no hope.
The causes are economic: families need the income. They are social: traditions of children working alongside parents. And they are systemic: weak enforcement, corruption, and the sheer desperation that makes parents sacrifice their children's future for present survival.
The Long-term Damage
Child labor creates irreversible damage. Physically, children are injured, stunted, and exposed to hazardous substances. Psychologically, they develop trauma, behavioral problems, and limited emotional capacity. Economically, they remain trapped in low-skill work for life. And socially, they are disempowered, unable to participate as citizens or demand their rights.
8. Gender and Poverty: The Double Burden
Women as the Poorest of the Poor
Poverty in India has a gender face. Women are disproportionately represented among the poor, especially female-headed households, widows, and single mothers. They face discrimination in property rights, inheritance, employment, and wages. They bear the double burden of unpaid domestic work and income generation.
Consider a woman in rural India. She wakes before dawn to fetch water and fuel. She cooks, cleans, and cares for children and elderly. Then she works in the fields or as a laborer for wages lower than men's. She returns to cook and clean again. She sleeps exhausted, only to repeat the cycle.
Her health suffers—anemia is rampant among poor women. Her education was cut short, if she had any. Her mobility is restricted by safety concerns and social norms. And her voice is silenced—within the household, in the community, and in governance.
Violence and Vulnerability
Poor women face higher risks of domestic violence, sexual harassment, and trafficking. They have limited access to justice—police are unresponsive, legal aid is unavailable, and social stigma keeps them silent. When violence occurs, they have nowhere to go, no resources to escape, and no support systems.
9. Climate Vulnerability: The Poor Pay for Others' Sins
The Frontline of Climate Change
The poor did not cause climate change, but they suffer its worst consequences. They live in areas prone to floods, droughts, cyclones, and extreme heat. They depend on climate-sensitive livelihoods—agriculture, fishing, forestry. And they lack the resources to adapt—insurance, savings, alternative livelihoods, or the ability to migrate.
Research shows that periods of below-average rainfall leading to drought conditions drive an increase in farmer suicides in rural India. For a rainfall deficit of 25%, the number of farmer suicides in a year would increase to 1,188 individuals. As climate change intensifies, this vulnerability will only grow.
The Urban Heat Island
In cities, the poor suffer differently. They live in slums with no ventilation, no cooling, and no escape from rising temperatures. Heat waves kill—especially the elderly, children, and those with pre-existing conditions. But the poor cannot afford air conditioning, or even fans running continuously. They work outdoors in construction and street vending, exposed to deadly heat.
Environmental Degradation
The poor also suffer most from environmental degradation. They live near polluting industries because land is cheap. They drink contaminated water because they have no alternative. They breathe polluted air because they cannot afford to move. And when environmental disasters strike—chemical spills, industrial accidents, mining collapses—they are the first to die and the last to be compensated.
Part II: How Poverty Strangles India's Growth
1. The Human Capital Deficit: Wasting Our Demographic Dividend
India's much-touted demographic dividend—the advantage of having a young population—risks becoming a demographic disaster. When 37 million children are stunted and 21 million wasted, we are literally compromising the brain development of our future workforce. When millions drop out of school before completing basic education, we create a labor force that can only do low-skill, low-productivity work.
The economic cost is staggering. Malnutrition reduces productivity by 2-3% of GDP annually. Poor education limits innovation and adaptation to technological change. And inadequate healthcare means a workforce that is frequently sick, stressed, and unable to perform at potential.
We are raising a generation that is physically smaller, cognitively impaired, and educationally limited compared to what they could have been. This is not just a social tragedy; it is an economic catastrophe that will haunt us for decades.
2. The Demand Constraint: Growth Without Inclusion
Economic growth requires demand. But when the bottom 50% of Indians receive only 15% of national income, their purchasing power is severely constrained. They cannot buy the products that Indian companies produce. They cannot invest in housing, education, or healthcare beyond the bare minimum. This creates a structural demand constraint that limits the expansion of the domestic market.
The World Inequality Report 2026 notes that the top 10% of earners in India capture about 58% of national income, while the bottom 50% receive only 15%. Wealth concentration is even more extreme: the richest 10% hold around 65% of total wealth, and the top 1% alone holds about 40%.
This level of inequality is not just a moral problem; it is an economic inefficiency. It means that a large portion of our population cannot participate meaningfully in the economy. It creates a two-tier society where luxury consumption grows while mass consumption stagnates. And it limits the multiplier effects of growth, because the poor spend their income locally while the rich spend globally or save.
3. The Productivity Trap: Working Poor, Not Working Well
Poor workers are often less productive—not because they lack ability, but because they lack nutrition, healthcare, education, and tools. A malnourished construction worker cannot work as hard or as long as a well-fed one. An illiterate factory worker cannot operate modern machinery. A farmer without access to credit cannot invest in better seeds or irrigation.
This creates a vicious cycle: low productivity means low wages, which means continued poverty, which means continued low productivity. Breaking this cycle requires public investment in health, education, and infrastructure—precisely the investments that poverty makes difficult to fund.
4. Social Instability:
Persistent poverty breeds frustration, alienation, and social unrest. When large sections of the population feel that the system is rigged against them—that no matter how hard they work, they cannot get ahead—social cohesion frays. This is visible in the rise of various forms of unrest across the country, from agrarian protests to caste conflicts.
Moreover, poverty is often concentrated in specific regions and communities, creating geographic and social fault lines. The regional concentration of farmer suicides in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana is not just an agricultural crisis; it is a warning sign of deepening regional inequality that can destabilize the social fabric.
5. The Fiscal Burden: Treating Symptoms, Not Causes
Poverty creates enormous fiscal costs. The government spends billions on food subsidies, employment guarantees, health insurance, and disaster relief. These are necessary, but they treat symptoms rather than causes. They keep people alive but do not lift them out of poverty.
If we invested the same resources in quality education, healthcare, and infrastructure that creates decent jobs, we would break the poverty cycle and reduce the need for perpetual welfare. But short-term political pressures favor relief over investment, perpetuating a system where the poor remain dependent and the taxpayer remains burdened.
Part III: The Intergenerational Transmission—Poverty Begets Poverty
Perhaps the cruelest aspect of poverty is its persistence across generations. A child born into poverty faces disadvantages from day one:
🔹In the womb: Maternal malnutrition leads to low birth weight and developmental problems.
🔹First 1,000 days: Inadequate nutrition causes stunting and irreversible cognitive damage.
🔹Early childhood: Limited stimulation, poor early learning, and frequent illness.
🔹School years: Low-quality schooling, pressure to drop out, and child labor.
🔹Adolescence: Early marriage for girls, entry into low-skill work for boys.
🔹Adulthood: Poor health, limited education, low wages, and the cycle repeats with their own children.
By the time this child becomes an adult, the damage is often done. Stunted growth, limited education, and poor health mean limited earning potential. When they have their own children, the cycle repeats.
This is why poverty reduction cannot be just about income transfers or short-term relief. It requires breaking the intergenerational transmission through investments in early childhood nutrition, quality education, healthcare, and skill development. It requires ensuring that the children of the poor have a fair chance to compete with the children of the rich.
Part IV: What the Data Really Tells Us
Progress Made, Gaps Persist
There is no denying that India has made significant progress:
🔹171 million people lifted out of extreme poverty between 2011-12 and 2022-23
🔹415 million people exited multidimensional poverty between 2005-06 and 2019-21
🔹Child poverty declined significantly, with the extreme child poverty rate falling from over 25% in 2011 to just over 5% by 2022
🔹MPI poverty rate declined from 55% in 2005-06 to 16.4% in 2019-21
But the progress is uneven and incomplete:
🔹At the $8.30/day poverty threshold, nearly 85% of children in South Asia still live in poverty
🔹Income inequality has barely shifted over the past decade despite strong economic growth
🔹Regional disparities remain stark: multidimensional poverty ranges from less than 1% in Kerala to 35% in Bihar
🔹Social disparities persist: poverty rates are higher among Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Muslims, and female-headed households
The Hidden Crisis
The data also reveals a hidden crisis: the near-poor or vulnerable population. These are people who have escaped extreme poverty but remain vulnerable to falling back due to economic shocks, health emergencies, or climate disasters. They are one bad monsoon, one hospitalization, or one job loss away from destitution.
This vulnerable population is often ignored in poverty statistics because they are not "poor" by official definitions. But they constitute a significant portion of India's population, living in precarity and anxiety, unable to accumulate assets or invest in their children's future.
Part V: The Way Forward—Making Growth Meaningful
Addressing poverty requires more than just economic growth—it requires making that growth inclusive. This means:
1. Investing in Human Capital
🔹Universal quality education: Not just schools, but learning. Teacher training, curriculum reform, and accountability for outcomes.
🔹Healthcare for all: Strengthening public health infrastructure, ensuring medicine availability, and expanding health insurance beyond hospitalization to include outpatient care and mental health.
🔹Nutrition security: Expanding ICDS, midday meals, and maternity benefits to reach every child and pregnant woman.
2. Creating Decent Work
🔹Formalizing the informal sector: Gradual transition to formal employment with contracts, social security, and legal protections.
🔹Enforcing labor laws: Increasing inspections, penalties for violations, and worker awareness of rights.
🔹Skill development: Quality vocational training linked to market needs, not just certificate programs.
3. Agricultural Reform
🔹Remunerative prices: Ensuring farmers get fair prices through MSP enforcement and market reforms.
🔹Crop insurance: Effective, accessible, and timely insurance against climate and market risks.
🔹Irrigation and infrastructure: Reducing dependence on rain-fed agriculture.
🔹Debt relief: Addressing the moneylender menace through formal credit expansion and debt restructuring.
4. Progressive Taxation and Redistribution
🔹Wealth taxation: Ensuring those with the greatest means contribute their fair share.
🔹Expanding social protection: Strengthening MGNREGA, which has been shown to reduce rural distress and save lives.
🔹Universal basic services: Free, quality public services in health, education, and nutrition.
5. Gender Equality
🔹Women's economic empowerment: Property rights, access to credit, and safe employment.
🔹Ending child marriage: Keeping girls in school and delaying marriage.
🔹Combating violence: Effective implementation of laws and support systems for survivors.
6. Climate Justice
🔹Adaptation support: Helping poor communities adapt to climate change through resilient infrastructure, crop diversification, and early warning systems.
🔹Just transition: Ensuring that climate mitigation does not hurt the poor (e.g., through job losses in polluting industries without alternative employment).
Conclusion: A Choice We Must Make
As I finish writing this, I think of the farmer in Vidarbha who swallowed pesticide because he could not face his creditors. I think of the construction worker's daughter who dropped out of school because her father fell ill. I think of the mother who counts grains of rice to make sure her children eat tonight. I think of the young man standing at a street corner at 5 AM, hoping today someone will give him work.
These are not abstractions. They are real people, and their suffering is the hidden cost of our economic success. We can choose to look away, to celebrate the GDP numbers and the stock market indices. Or we can choose to see, to acknowledge that a nation's true progress is measured not by how rich its richest become, but by how well its poorest live.
"India stands at a crossroads. We have the resources, the knowledge, and the institutions to end poverty. What we need is the will—the political will, the social will, and the moral will—to make growth inclusive, to invest in every child, to protect every worker, and to ensure that the accident of birth does not determine the course of a life."
The question is not whether we can afford to end poverty. The question is whether we can afford not to. Because every day we delay, millions of dreams are crushed, potential is wasted, and the anchor of poverty drags us further from the prosperous, just, and humane society we claim to aspire to.
Sources:
https://www.theindiaforum.in/education/why-school-dropout-still-challenge-west-bengal?sharetype=link
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